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The History of Middle-earth

340 statements
66 feature instances
29 referencing feature instances

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The History of Middle-earth	label	The History of Middle-earth
The History of Middle-earth	page	TheHistoryOfMiddleEarth
The History of Middle-earth	comment	J. R. R. Tolkien was subject to Attention Deficit Creator Disorder and perfectionism, with the result that The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings are rare among his works in that he actually finished them — though even then he was continually making notes for revised second editions. The vast majority of his works were in a disorganised array of disparate parts written across more than 50 years when he died in 1973. His son Christopher Tolkien put together the published version of The Silmarillion in 1977 using some of these parts, but later decided to present more of the source materials as he found it — with commentary — to demonstrate how the conception of Middle-earth had evolved across the years.The result was The History of Middle-earth, 12 volumes covering the evolution of Tolkien's legendarium from 1914 to 1973. The content ranges from earlier forms of the Silmarillion legends and early drafts of The Lord of the Rings, to otherwise unknown narrative texts (some more complete, some less), to essays about the history of the world Arda, its cultures, languages, cosmology, theology, and more. Along the way, we are also introduced to previously unknown and interesting offshoots of the legendarium, such as Eriol the Mariner of The Book of Lost Tales, Alboin and Audoin of The Lost Road, the cast of "The Notion Club Papers" and many more.Volumes I and II of The History of Middle-earth are also known as The Book of Lost Tales. These were initially published on their own; Christopher Tolkien wrote at the time that the overall title The History of Middle-earth might have been "over-optimistic." In any event, the first two volumes sold well enough that the publishers kept extending the contract, ultimately to 12 volumes.In total, the series comprises over 5000 pages, making it not for the faint-hearted by any means.The precursor ("Volume 0", if you will) to the series was Unfinished Tales, published in 1980. Unfinished Tales was edited and presented in the same style but is arranged according to in-universe chronology, unlike the History proper. The series was eventually followed by the two-part The History of The Hobbit by John Rateliff, published in 2007, and The Nature of Middle-earth by Carl Hostetter, published in 2021. The former shows the evolution of The Hobbit both before and after its publication (Tolkien having abandoned an attempt to rewrite it entirely to hew closer to the later geography of Middle-earth). The latter has been called the "unofficial Volume XIII"note There is an official Volume XIII, but it is just a comprehensive index of the entire series. and features previously unpublished musings on Elvish ageing, marriage, sex, the nature of time and the calendar, and Tolkien's later attempts to rework his fictional cosmogony so that the world was never flat, to more closely reflect the real world.
The History of Middle-earth	fetched	2023-10-06T10:14:39Z
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The History of Middle-earth / int_15fc9fb	type	Our Elves Are Different
The History of Middle-earth / int_15fc9fb	comment	Our Elves Are Different: The evolution of the Elves is shown from the Lost Tales (in which they are still closer to a Victorian conception and referred to as Fairies and, in the case of the Noldor, Gnomes) to the final high and mythic result from The Silmarillion.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_1a303edf	type	Our Orcs Are Different
The History of Middle-earth / int_1a303edf	comment	Our Orcs Are Different: Orcs and goblins were pulled out of nowhere in the Lost Tales because Melko needed some Mooks. Much later on, Tolkien fleshed them out and there are essays written in which he considers the moral implications of the Always Chaotic Evil trope, and whether Orcs are soulless automatons or have free will and choice and could potentially be redeemed. The 1977 Silmarillion has Orcs as ruined Elves, but Tolkien considered changing it to ruined Men (even though that doesn't fit the timeline). He also considered changing their origin to Uplifted Animals and/or (at least for some individuals) constructs with no 'real' life or will, or very minor fallen Maiar. The origin-of-Orcs question is possibly the messiest in the whole legendarium.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_1e1afc1b	type	Framing Device
The History of Middle-earth / int_1e1afc1b	comment	Framing Device: The Book of Lost Tales is presented as a series of stories told to a mariner (Eriol or Elfwine), who stumbles upon the island of Tol Eressëa and learns the Elves' history, which he then brings back to his human kindred.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_1e679bd0	type	The Quisling
The History of Middle-earth / int_1e679bd0	comment	The Quisling: Ufedhin, the Gnome who helps the Dwarves kill Tinwelint/Thingol in "The Nauglafring." He bears a great deal of resemblance to Meglin/Maeglin from "The Fall of Gondolin."
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The History of Middle-earth / int_24cf8a0e	type	Speech-Centric Work
The History of Middle-earth / int_24cf8a0e	comment	Speech-Centric Work: "Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth" in Morgoth's Ring is a 19-page conversation between Finrod and a mortal woman about mortality, theology, and the cause and nature of the differences between Elves and Mortals. Except at the beginning and end, there's hardly a word of narration.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_25bc8511	type	Generation Xerox
The History of Middle-earth / int_25bc8511	comment	Generation Xerox: In The Notion Club Papers, there's a recurring theme of a father who's lost at sea and a son who follows in his footsteps: Tuor and Eärendil, Amandil and Elendil, Eädwine and Elfwine, and Edwin and Alwin Lowdham.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_2dc0d2bf	type	Hidden Depths
The History of Middle-earth / int_2dc0d2bf	comment	Hidden Depths: Revealed for some characters who may have seemed one-dimensional in the published Silmarillion, such as the more antagonistic of the Sons of Fëanor.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_2df4fa08	type	Omniglot
The History of Middle-earth / int_2df4fa08	comment	Omniglot: Omar the Vala, who knows all tongues. Didn't survive to the final Silmarillion.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_2fc2d6e1	type	Shapeshifter Mode Lock
The History of Middle-earth / int_2fc2d6e1	comment	According to Morgoth's Ring, Morgoth spread his evil essence into all the physical matter of Middle-earth, thus becoming a shadow of his former self. Fortunately the evil in Arda's matter normally stays dormant, unless aroused by malice.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_3016de81	type	Reincarnation Romance
The History of Middle-earth / int_3016de81	comment	Reincarnation Romance: Since Tolkien was a devout Catholic, he believed that marriage is "for life." As described in "The Laws and Customs of the Eldar" (Morgoth's Ring), elves' lives are meant to last until the end of Arda, and so are their marriages. Unlike many humans, they actually do mate for life. Reincarnated elves inevitably desire to reunite with whomever they had married before they died. This really, really sucks for those who lived in Middle-earth, since the Valar don't send anyone back there after "re-housing."note Glorfindel, Beren, and Lúthien were the only exceptions, because they're special and awesome. Except in some versions where the Valar commonly sent the rehoused back to wherever they had lived. It can also be a serious downer for the bereaved spouse if a married elf refuses reincarnation — just look at what happened to Míriel's family!
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The History of Middle-earth / int_30b6f084	type	Canis Major
The History of Middle-earth / int_30b6f084	comment	Canis Major: Huan and Karkaras Knife-fang (the later Carcharoth) are HUGE.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_3c5ae1a1	type	Schizo Tech
The History of Middle-earth / int_3c5ae1a1	comment	Númenor under Sauron's tutelage in The Lost Road has steam-powered ironclad ships, some form of aircraft and what sound from the description like some kind of guided missiles. In an example of Schizo Tech, however, they also still fight with swords, bows, and armour.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_4276401c	type	Shoot the Messenger
The History of Middle-earth / int_4276401c	comment	Shoot the Messenger: In The Book of Lost Tales, Part 1, Melkor attempts to persuade the Valar to allow him and his companions to leave Valinor, but the messenger he sends to announce his demands is denounced as a "rogue" and a "traitor," and promptly executed. This actually made the Dark Lord upset, considering he had just Averted this trope earlier, when an Eagle was sent by the Valar to deliver a message to him, and would have expected his own messengers to be treated in kind by the Gods.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_44a893af	type	Humans Through Alien Eyes
The History of Middle-earth / int_44a893af	comment	Humans Through Alien Eyes: Done in "The Notion Club Papers," when a character travels through space in his dreams by astral projection, observes various alien worlds, and eventually comes across a planet where he sees what looks like a great heaving anthill come into existence, despoiling a landscape. It's a shock to him when he realises that what he is actually looking at is the history of his own home city of Oxford, sped up to a great pace.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_50f5dabe	type	Reincarnation
The History of Middle-earth / int_50f5dabe	comment	Reincarnation: The earliest versions of the myths are explicit about elvish reincarnation, saying that elves are reborn as the children of their own descendants. But long after writing The Lord of the Rings Tolkien decided literal rebirth was impossible for metaphysical reasons, and instead wrote that the Valar create brand new, adult bodies when returning elves to life. These bodies resemble the original in every way, though presumably without whatever injuries they got before or during death. The "re-housed" also get their full memories back — death is unnatural for elves, so the Valar expect them to pick up their lives right where they left off.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_5281d5b1	type	Our Dwarves Are All the Same
The History of Middle-earth / int_5281d5b1	comment	Our Dwarves Are All the Same: Dwarves were originally just another evil race similar to Orcs, derived closely from Norse Mythology. It wasn't until The Hobbit that they became a primarily 'good' and sympathetic race — and that version of them wasn't originally intended to be part of Middle-earth at all.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_58e43f17	type	Cats Are Mean
The History of Middle-earth / int_58e43f17	comment	Cats Are Mean: Actually mythologically justified in the Lost Tales: cats were originally servants of Melko, but were banished and stripped of their powers for their defeat against Tinuviel, Beren and Huan, and to this day remain bitter, spiteful and lonely.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_5ddcb41f	type	World Shapes
The History of Middle-earth / int_5ddcb41f	comment	World Shapes: The "Ambarkanta" in The Shaping of Middle-Earth has a detailed description of the cosmology of the flat world (before the drowning of Númenor), as well as "before" and "after" diagrams. Sadly, Tolkien never updated this to fit with his somewhat different later versions of the "flat-world" cosmology. Instead, he decided that since the geocentric "flat-world" cosmology can't be reconciled with the real world, that it was a bad way to write a fantasy. Morgoth's Ring contains the various unfinished alternative creation myths and changes Tolkien wrote to flip everything to a heliocentric planet that was always round, in which the Two Trees were created after the sun and moon. He never explained how Eärendil's Silmaril being Venus would fit into that.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_6114a875	type	Lost Technology
The History of Middle-earth / int_6114a875	comment	Lost Technology: And how! The elves build a ship of "mithril and elven-glass" that can travel not just in the sky but also the Outer Void (outer space). Morgoth's attack on Gondolin is made possible by giant metal machines with fire in their bellies (probably Tolkien's way of describing engines) that can travel across the mountains, serving as both APCs to transport Orcs and siege weapons that can knock down towers.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_617f0563	type	Heelâ€“Face Turn
The History of Middle-earth / int_617f0563	comment	Heel–Face Turn: Figuratively speaking, some characters in early drafts of The Lord of the Rings started out evil but were then reworked into different, good characters. Farmer Maggot was originally an antagonist who was even responsible for setting the Black Riders onto Frodo's trail, while Treebeard was originally an evil giant who had the same role as Saruman in the final book, imprisoning Gandalf.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_6a3c49f	type	Direct Line to the Author
The History of Middle-earth / int_6a3c49f	comment	Direct Line to the Author: In the oldest draft, the history of the Elves supposedly came to us through Eriol, a sea-farer from 5th century Jutland; in the second draft Eriol was replaced by Elfwine, a 10th century Anglo-Saxon mariner who stumbled upon Tol Eressëa. When Tolkien sent the original version of "The Lay of Leithian" to his friend C. S. Lewis for critique, Lewis treated it as though it was an actual piece of mediaeval literature that had been rediscovered. Lines that seemed weak to Lewis, for example, he dismissed as clearly interpolations by a later copyist, and gave his own interpretation as to how the lines "originally" must have read. His whole critique's even feigned to be written by four mediaevalist scholars. Tolkien didn't use any of Lewis' suggestions, but he did eventually rewrite all the sections Lewis had pointed out faults in. The introduction to "The Notion Club Papers" has the eponymous papers supposedly being discovered in 2012, being a record of a club that met in the late 1980s (the story itself was written in 1944).
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The History of Middle-earth / int_737a65f4	type	The Watson
The History of Middle-earth / int_737a65f4	comment	The Watson: Elfwine/Eriol. In the Framing Device of The Book of Lost Tales he serves as the Audience Surrogate to whom the elves of the Lonely Isle relate the history of the Elder Days. Elfwine's role continues, though far less emphasized, in later versions of the legendarium.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_7a7c5181	type	Cat/Dog Dichotomy
The History of Middle-earth / int_7a7c5181	comment	Cat/Dog Dichotomy: One of the earliest iterations of the character that would later become Sauron was Tevildo, the Prince of Cats, an evil, intelligent and sorcerous feline and a servant of Melko in The Book of Lost Tales. Even in these early versions, Tevildo is already bitter enemies with Huan, the Captain of Dogs, whom he fights on several occasions before being defeated and depowered. His failure results in Melko exiling him and his followers, and cats remained bitter and hateful of dogs ever since.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_7fbb2a3	type	Nice Job Breaking It, Hero!
The History of Middle-earth / int_7fbb2a3	comment	Nice Job Breaking It, Hero: In The Book of Lost Tales: Part 1, a Gnome named Daurin rushes up to attack Ungoliant as she drains the Two Trees of their sap. Although he manages to wound one of her legs with his sword, its blade becomes stained with her black blood, turning it into a poisonous weapon. This doesn't work so well in the end, since he ended up being disarmed by Ungoliant, and killed by Melkor, who then used the tainted weapon to kill the remaining Tree.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_7ffca8c4	type	Immortality Begins at Twenty
The History of Middle-earth / int_7ffca8c4	comment	Immortality Begins at Twenty: Averted with the Númenóreans in The Lost Road, who age in proportion to their long lifespan, for example Herendil being considered an adolescent when he's in his forties. It's unclear to what extent this idea survived in later stories.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_817e24b7	type	Fur Against Fang
The History of Middle-earth / int_817e24b7	comment	Fur Against Fang: Both races — vampires and werewolves — work for the same masters — Dark Lords Morgoth and Sauron —, but they can not stand each other. Werewolves despised vampires, considering them “rats with wings” and vampires regarded wolves like big bullies. It is less evident in The Silmarillion, but when you read the meeting with Carcharoth in the Lay of Beren and Luthien, the text makes clear that Carcharoth is shocked at seeing a vampire and wolf together as wolves hate vampires.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_8485d41a	type	Interspecies Romance
The History of Middle-earth / int_8485d41a	comment	Beren and Lúthien were originally written as two elves, albeit from different kindreds, and the idea of their Interspecies Romance was added later.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_859ec5d8	type	The Fair Folk
The History of Middle-earth / int_859ec5d8	comment	The Fair Folk: Subverted; elves don't experience life the way we do, but they're mostly human and certainly comprehend our moral concepts. The Lost Tales say that the Celtic notion of evil elves is due to conflicts and misunderstanding, and that the more positive English view is correct. To take one example, Tolkien plays with the idea that eating fairy food traps you in their land forever — the Elves of Tol Eressëa drink something called limpë, but warn the human traveller Eriol against drinking it, for his heart will forever be filled with their own sadness and he will be compelled to fight for their causes against his own kindred. Played with in Morgoth's Ring. Elfwine, the Anglo-Saxon seaman who finds Eressëa, is told that today there are two groups of Elves still remaining in Middle-earth, the Lingerers and the Unbodied. The Lingerers are simply Elves that stayed until their souls burnt up their bodies and live in an aethereal form. The Unbodied are those that refused the summons to be judged by Mandos when they died. Lingerers tend to be gentle and harmless but flawed creatures that hang around wild lands as Genius Loci, but sometimes visit mortals in dreams. Unbodied are actual ghosts and are not only likely to deceive mortals maliciously, but try to steal their bodies. In a way Lingerers are like "Seelie" and Unbodied like "Unseelie".
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The History of Middle-earth / int_863fa679	type	What Happened to the Mouse?
The History of Middle-earth / int_863fa679	comment	What Happened to the Mouse?: The group of rogue Maiar that accompany Melkor and Ungoliant in an early account of the Darkening of Valinor. After assisting Melkor in the theft of the Silmarils and accompanying him when he meets with Ungoliant, they all flee after the destruction of the Two Trees, and never appear again. Although it is mentioned that the Valar found many of these rogues in the Northern regions of Valinor, and slew them, they are mostly forgotten by the time the next part of the story sets in. Several characters, both major and minor, also suffer from this throughout the various drafts of the stories. With most stories unfinished, it's no surprise that numerous loose ends and characters' fates were never wrapped up.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_8658cd14	type	Agent Scully
The History of Middle-earth / int_8658cd14	comment	Agent Scully: Ranulph Stainer in The Notion Club Papers denies that there's anything supernatural going on throughout the story, despite mounting evidence to the contrary.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_86c192f4	type	Badass Creed
The History of Middle-earth / int_86c192f4	comment	Badass Creed: The Oath of Fëanor, which exists in several forms. As expressed in The Lays of Beleriand:
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The History of Middle-earth / int_89a17726	type	Spell My Name with an S
The History of Middle-earth / int_89a17726	comment	Spell My Name with an S: Fëanor is very displeased that the dialect of Quenya spoken by his fellow Noldor is replacing their th sound with their s sound. He considers it an insult to the memory of his dead mother Míriel, and even a "conspiracy" against him. He raises this completely trivial change to the status of a political issue, demanding that everybody who sides with him in the family feud must speak the old way, and judging people's "loyalty" by their accents. Note that this isn't actually a spelling trope; even though the change of pronunciation is reflected in the book's English text, the Noldor still write their Tengwar with the letter for th but pronounce it s.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_8c23b321	type	Harmless Villain
The History of Middle-earth / int_8c23b321	comment	Harmless Villain: Tevildo, the Prince of Cats, is considerably less dark and cruel than other incarnations of Sauron. While clearly an evil creature, he is shown to enjoy meals and sunbaths rather than spreading terror and pain, and his treatment of captive Beren is almost comedically light-hearted (Beren is forced to cook food for the cats of all things). He also plans to murder Huan the Hound, but dogs in the story are shown to hunt and kill cats as well, so this is more a case of revenge. He also is pretty respectful towards Tinuviel, and the only death he causes in the text is ordering the execution of his own minion on a false assumption.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_902ff525	type	Sdrawkcab Alias
The History of Middle-earth / int_902ff525	comment	Sdrawkcab Alias: Beren and Finrod Felagund, while masquerading as Orcs in some of the earliest versions "The Lay of Leithian." Felagund gives his own name as Dungalef and Beren's as Nereb when they're captured by Sauron. Those aliases were useless because he already suspected that they were not Orcs, but it's hard to understand why an Elf over 1,000 years old would come up with such transparent pseudonyms (both characters are famous).
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The History of Middle-earth / int_98a63dc6	type	Time Abyss
The History of Middle-earth / int_98a63dc6	comment	Time Abyss: The earlier drafts of The Lord of the Rings offer a few more details about Tom Bombadil:
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The History of Middle-earth / int_9bd92eef	type	Astral Projection
The History of Middle-earth / int_9bd92eef	comment	Astral Projection: Used as a means of space travel by Arundel Lowdham in The Notion Club Papers. The story is partly written as a commentary on and criticism of Tolkien's friend C. S. Lewis' The Space Trilogy novels, and Tolkien — who disliked the idea of spaceships — was using this to suggest an alternative for how such an adventure could take place.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_9d15f525	type	Made of Evil
The History of Middle-earth / int_9d15f525	comment	Made of Evil: According to Morgoth's Ring, Morgoth spread his evil essence into all the physical matter of Middle-earth, thus becoming a shadow of his former self. Fortunately the evil in Arda's matter normally stays dormant, unless aroused by malice. In the earliest versions of the Middle-earth stories, before JRRT decided that evil beings like Morgoth cannot create new life from nowhere, the Orcs were made of stone, with hearts made of pure hate. Thû (a predecessor to Sauron) was apparently just made of hate.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_9fe35833	type	Even Bad Men Love Their Mamas
The History of Middle-earth / int_9fe35833	comment	Even Bad Men Love Their Mamas: In "The Shibboleth of Fëanor", Fëanor came to think that the shift from using "þ" (usually romanized as "th") to "s" in the Noldorin dialect of Quenya was a conspiracy against himself and his mother. "Míriel Þerindë" became "Míriel Serindë". Fëanor told his sons to ignore the use of "s" by his half-brothers and their houses: "We speak as is right, and as King Finwë himself did before he was led astray." This further widened the division between Fëanor and his half-brothers.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_a6c69bd	type	MacGuffin
The History of Middle-earth / int_a6c69bd	comment	MacGuffin: The Silmarils in The Book of Lost Tales. Tolkien rewrote it because he realised that there was nothing to justify their importance in driving the later story, resulting in the idea that they preserve the light of the Two Trees.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_aa92a5d2	type	Mega Neko
The History of Middle-earth / int_aa92a5d2	comment	Mega Neko: Tevildo Prince of Cats from the Lost Tales. He's the original character who became Sauron Lord of Werewolves. (Interestingly, a feline element remains in the later Sauron of The Lord of the Rings, since the Eye of Sauron resembles a cat's eye.) While Sauron was associated with wolves, Tevildo's lackeys were also all giant cats, and they had Punny Names like Miaugion, Miaule, and Meoita.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_ae4b1ce1	type	Caustic Critic
The History of Middle-earth / int_ae4b1ce1	comment	Caustic Critic: Nicholas Guildford in The Notion Club Papers enjoys sarcastically tearing apart his friends' novels, though it comes from a genuine desire to help them improve.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_afc52a86	type	Ninja Pirate Zombie Robot
The History of Middle-earth / int_afc52a86	comment	Legions of Balrogs riding robotic dragon-shaped troop carriers to invade Gondolin in the earliest manuscripts, a scene never elaborated on.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_b61b755f	type	Tomboy
The History of Middle-earth / int_b61b755f	comment	Galadriel in some of the versions of her backstory, She fought in defence of her Telerin kin against the House of Fëanor during the Kinslaying at Alqualondë and was the "only female to stand tall in those days". Tolkien also described her as basically a Tomboy in her youth, in peacetime before any of the wars of the Elves happened, though he implies she grew out of it. In her youth she was a match for any of the greatest athletes of the Eldar.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_b8e3f20a	type	Demoted to Extra
The History of Middle-earth / int_b8e3f20a	comment	Demoted to Extra: Those familiar with The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings will recognise throwaway names in those works who originally had much greater roles. For example, Rúmil is mentioned as a creator of alphabets in those books, but is an important character in The Book of Lost Tales.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_bc848be9	type	Intangible Time Travel
The History of Middle-earth / int_bc848be9	comment	Intangible Time Travel: Having agreed with C. S. Lewis that the two would write companion space-travel and time-travel stories, JRRT twice tried to start a story revolving around this trope, but never finished. The first attempt is "The Lost Road" that gives its name to vol. V. The second is "The Notion Club Papers" in vol. IX. Both versions of the story tell of a father-son pair in England who experience repeated intangible Time-Travel dreams/visions, taking them back to past father-son pairs with the same names in older languages, who experience the same dreams/visions, recursively going back until reaching the original Elendil and son in Númenor and witnessing its downfall. It was going to involve around a half-dozen pairs of guys, numerous European myths, speaking in tongues, deciphering the Númenórean language, and possibly watching Elfwine see or even travel the Strait Road to Eressëa. JRRT even considered including (pessimistic) references to his own unfinished Silmarillion manuscripts being uncovered.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_c3bafbce	type	Satan
The History of Middle-earth / int_c3bafbce	comment	Satan: Morgoth (Melko, Melkor). The "Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth", The Notion Club Papers, and some of JRRT's letters explicitly identify the two, though most narratives don't.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_c5b47b36	type	Offscreen Moment of Awesome
The History of Middle-earth / int_c5b47b36	comment	Offscreen Moment of Awesome in Book of Lost Tales: Legions of Balrogs riding robotic dragon-shaped troop carriers to invade Gondolin in the earliest manuscripts, a scene never elaborated on. The whole concept of Elvenhome (the island-ferry used to transport the Elves to Valinor) becoming England, the Elves being displaced by Eriol/Elfwine's Anglo-Saxon cousins, and Avallone (capital of the exiled Noldor) becoming Warwick.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_c7575bab	type	ElvesVsDwarves
The History of Middle-earth / int_c7575bab	comment	Elves vs. Dwarves: The Lost Tales present the origins of the conflict, as in The Silmarillion, but the Dwarves are presented as another evil race comparable to Orcs (the influence of Norse Mythology being obvious). It wouldn't be until The Hobbit (originally not part of Middle-earth at all) that they got to be sympathetic characters — and indeed given the Wood-elves of that book were essentially a recycled version of Tinwelint's folk from the Lost Tales, it can even be considered a Perspective Flip.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_c75df49a	type	Shout-Out
The History of Middle-earth / int_c75df49a	comment	Shout-Out: The original "Tale of Turambar" includes one to Sigurd from Norse Mythology, in which the teller of the story mentions that men think that eating the heart of a dragon allows you to understand all tongues, but this is a false belief because the blood of a dragon is poisonous. Tevildo the Prince of Cats in "The Tale of Tinuviel" (whose role was later filled by Sauron) is a reference to the European folktales of Reynard the Fox, which includes Tibert the Prince of Cats. More explicit in one draft where his name is Tiberth instead of Tevildo. The folkloric Tibert was also known as Tybalt, and Shakespeare's Tybalt the Prince of Cats was a reference to him also.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_c98b7916	type	Messianic Archetype
The History of Middle-earth / int_c98b7916	comment	Messianic Archetype: Implied in a prophecy of Men mentioned in the "Athrabeth Finrod Ah Andreth." Tolkien, after writing it, thought it was a bit too explicit and seemed like "a parody of Christianity," so he dropped it.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_cf6d4bad	type	Steampunk
The History of Middle-earth / int_cf6d4bad	comment	Steampunk: Númenor under Sauron's tutelage in The Lost Road has steam-powered ironclad ships, some form of aircraft and what sound from the description like some kind of guided missiles. In an example of Schizo Tech, however, they also still fight with swords, bows, and armour. In The Book of Lost Tales part 2, Morgoth attacks Gondolin with mechanic dragons.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_d397657d	type	Hoist by His Own Petard
The History of Middle-earth / int_d397657d	comment	Hoist by His Own Petard: Just barely subverted with Ungoliant in Morgoth's Ring, who, prior to her meeting with Melkor, was starving to death in her lair, due to her own webs of darkness blocking off any light from entering her lair for her to devour.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_dae5c997	type	Action Girl
The History of Middle-earth / int_dae5c997	comment	Action Girl: Idril Celebrindal fights in the Lost Tales account of Gondolin's fall. Galadriel in some of the versions of her backstory, She fought in defence of her Telerin kin against the House of Fëanor during the Kinslaying at Alqualondë and was the "only female to stand tall in those days". Tolkien also described her as basically a Tomboy in her youth, in peacetime before any of the wars of the Elves happened, though he implies she grew out of it. In her youth she was a match for any of the greatest athletes of the Eldar.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_e0207930	type	Humans Are Special
The History of Middle-earth / int_e0207930	comment	Humans Are Special / Humans Are Bastards: Volume X, Morgoth's Ring, contains a section called The Debate of Finrod and Andreth that considers the fate and nature of Men. Finrod has an insight that Men's original mission was to undo the Marring of Arda—they would heal the world and save the Elves. Unfortunately, as described in the book, Melkor corrupted Men soon after their awakening, which utterly ruined them and caused many of the evils characteristic to their race, causing Eru to shorten their lives and change their fate. Eru's Secondborn went from Special to Bastard status very quickly.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_e294a0be	type	Our Souls Are Different
The History of Middle-earth / int_e294a0be	comment	Played with in Morgoth's Ring. Elfwine, the Anglo-Saxon seaman who finds Eressëa, is told that today there are two groups of Elves still remaining in Middle-earth, the Lingerers and the Unbodied. The Lingerers are simply Elves that stayed until their souls burnt up their bodies and live in an aethereal form. The Unbodied are those that refused the summons to be judged by Mandos when they died. Lingerers tend to be gentle and harmless but flawed creatures that hang around wild lands as Genius Loci, but sometimes visit mortals in dreams. Unbodied are actual ghosts and are not only likely to deceive mortals maliciously, but try to steal their bodies. In a way Lingerers are like "Seelie" and Unbodied like "Unseelie".
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The History of Middle-earth / int_e3ebcc2d	type	Animal Jingoism
The History of Middle-earth / int_e3ebcc2d	comment	Animal Jingoism: The original "Tale of Tinuviel" is a mythological origin for Cats vs. Dogs — in that version, Huan fights great cats rather than wolves (except for Karkaras/Carcharoth). At the end he takes Tevildo's golden collar and all the other cats shrink.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_e4965307	type	Composite Character
The History of Middle-earth / int_e4965307	comment	Composite Character: Sauron grew from a combination of three characters from the Lost Tales — he has the name of the wizard Tu (Tu -> Thu -> Thaur -> Thauron -> Sauron), the position of Fankil/Fangli (The Dragon to Melko), and the narrative role of Tevildo Prince of Cats in "The Tale of Tinuviel" (enemies with Huan, antagonist to Beren and Luthien). Oddly enough, Tu started out as a figure opposed to Fankil, who ended up becoming humanity's enemy after they attacked his Elves.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_e53fa444	type	APCs
The History of Middle-earth / int_e53fa444	comment	Morgoth's attack on Gondolin is made possible by giant metal machines with fire in their bellies (probably Tolkien's way of describing engines) that can travel across the mountains, serving as both APCs to transport Orcs and siege weapons that can knock down towers.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_e5421161	type	Expy
The History of Middle-earth / int_e5421161	comment	Expy and Self-Insert Fic: "The Notion Club Papers" is Tolkien parodying his own meetings with the Inklings — "Notion Club" being a pun on that name — and a way for him to criticise C.S. Lewis' ideas in his Space Trilogy by having characters discuss it. It later evolved into a story about characters having ancestral memories of Númenor. Even some of the names of the Notion Club members are references to Tolkien's own life. One of them is named John Jethro Rashbold (Tolkien's own first name was John; Jethro is a name closely associated in the Old Testament with Tolkien's middle name Reuel; and "Rashbold" is a calque on the name Tolkien, which comes from the German Tollkühn, meaning 'foolhardy'), and another is named Ramer, an old dialectal word for "raving madman" — JRRT had written a poem called "Looney" not too many years before. Alvin Arundel Lowdham has two names that connect to Tolkien's mythology: Alvin comes from the Old English Elfwine, "Elf-friend", and it's implied he's the "reincarnation" of another Tolkien character by that name; Arundel is the modern-English form of Earendel, the name that inspired Tolkien's first poems about Middle-earth and eventually emerged as Eárendil in The Silmarillion.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_e6ab61d	type	Magic Realism
The History of Middle-earth / int_e6ab61d	comment	Magic Realism: "The Notion Club Papers"
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The History of Middle-earth / int_ea8168f	type	Crossover Cosmology
The History of Middle-earth / int_ea8168f	comment	Crossover Cosmology: In particular with The Book of Lost Tales and still to a lesser extent later. As Tolkien's friend C. S. Lewis would go on to do with Narnia, the works reconcile the idea of pagan gods with Christian theology, and include stories based on those from Norse Mythology. The short explanation is that the gods are actually angelic beings delegated by God to build and maintain the world, and to oppose Satan.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_f0508c08	type	Decomposite Character
The History of Middle-earth / int_f0508c08	comment	Decomposite Character: Finwë. Originally, when Fëanor was not his son, he did not die in Valinor, and led the Noldoli (Noldor) at the Battle of Unnumbered Tears. When this was changed so he died early on, Tolkien split his roles between different descendants — hence why so many characters in The Silmarillion have Fin- names, such as Fingolfin and Fingon. Herendil was Elendil's only son in The Lost Road. The Lord of the Rings gave Elendil two sons, Isildur and Anárion; Herendil seems most like Isildur, with a fiery and somewhat rebellious spirit and a fascination with Sur (Sauron). King Finrod Felagund and Celegorm, his nemesis in The Silmarillion, originated as a single character with very mixed motivations concerning the Quest of the Silmaril. He swore the Oath of Fëanor and the oath to aid Barahir's family.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_f32d85ab	type	20 Minutes into the Future
The History of Middle-earth / int_f32d85ab	comment	20 Minutes into the Future: The Notion Club Papers takes place (possibly) in 1987, about 40 years after it was written, and the world is barely changed from the '40s.
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The History of Middle-earth / int_f9636192	type	Prophecies Are Always Right
The History of Middle-earth / int_f9636192	comment	Prophecies Are Always Right: The original form of the Doom of Mandos is "Great is the Fall of Gondolin," uttered years before the founding of that city (though no-one seems to remember the words when the city gets named...).
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The History of Middle-earth / int_f97b5d33	type	Shoo Out the Clowns
The History of Middle-earth / int_f97b5d33	comment	Shoo Out the Clowns: In The Book of Lost Tales, Sauron is a giant talking cat (who tests Beren's skills as a trapper by having him catch three mice, because his castle is positively overrun with them), Morgoth has a wife and kids, an Elvish defector invents tanks, Elves gradually turn into miniature fairies, the most famous elven musician is named "Tinfang Warble," and Morgoth is banished from the world when he climbs up a gigantic pine-tree to escape the Valar and they cut it down under him. But by the early 1930s, The Silmarillion was much closer to its 1977 form, and much less whimsical.
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The following is a list of statements referring to the current page from other pages.

TheServantsOfUngoliant	seeAlso	The History of Middle-earth
The Children of Húrin	seeAlso	The History of Middle-earth
The Silmarillion	seeAlso	The History of Middle-earth
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Accidental Murder / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Aggressive Submissive / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Cats Are Mean / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Conspicuous Consumption / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Decomposite Character / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Diabolus ex Nihilo / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Elf Works / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	English Literature / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Footnote Fever / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Gem-Encrusted / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	General Failure / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Holy Is Not Safe / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Humans Through Alien Eyes / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	In Harmony with Nature / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Land of Faerie / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Land, Sea, Sky / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Love Revelation Epiphany / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Made of Evil / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Mental Time Travel / int_91ebba8e
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The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Recursive Precursors / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Speech-Centric Work / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	The Fair Folk / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Use Your Head / int_91ebba8e
The History of Middle-earth	hasFeature	Weapon Specialization / int_91ebba8e

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