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Funk
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Primary Stylistic Influences: Soul, R&B, Jazz Secondary Stylistic Influences: Blues, Psychedelic Rock, sometimes Hard Rock A genre of music which evolved from Soul, R&B and Jazz starting in the mid-sixties. The most easily identifiable trait of funk is its focus on rhythm and groove above all else. As the song quote above illustrates, the word "funk" first appeared somewhere in the 1920s or so, meaning "the smell of sexual intercourse". In music, the word was used to describe songs with insistent, syncopated rhythms that was highly danceable, though in that case, it was derived from the R&B musicians in night clubs who would perform for so long and so intensely that the venue would smell of their perspiration. Advertisement:propertag.cmd.push(function() { proper_display('tvtropes_mobile_ad_1'); })While Little Richard is credited as the first man to introduce funk rhythms into rock 'n roll in The '50s, some sources suggest two drummers who worked with Little Richard, Earl Palmer and Chuck Connors, funk music was for all intents and purposes codified by James Brown, who in The '60s developed a signature style relying on grooves that emphasised the downbeat (the first beat of every measure) and extensive vamps and improvisations with hits such as "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag", "Cold Sweat" and "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine". Funk quickly evolved throughout the decade and became popular through artists such as Jimi Hendrix (the inventor of funk-rock), Sly and the Family Stone, The Isley Brothers and The Meters, but the genre reached its peak popularity in The '70s, thanks to George Clinton and his Parliament-Funkadelic collective (whose own subgenre fused psychedelic rock and funk, nicknamed "P-Funk"), Sly and the Family Stone, James Brown, the Isleys, Earth, Wind & Fire, and others. Jazz-funk also appeared thanks to Miles Davis and Herbie Hancock, and various Soul musicians dabbled heavily in funk, such as Marvin Gaye, Curtis Mayfield, The Temptations, The O'Jays, Stevie Wonder and Wilson Pickett, while Southern soul itself was a particularly major influence on the genre. Advertisement:propertag.cmd.push(function() { proper_display('tvtropes_mobile_ad_2'); })Funk started to flounder in the late Seventies as Disco overtook it in popularity. Disco was massively influenced and quite similar to funk, but while funk had a "rhythm über alles" approach (real funksters wouldn't think twice about jamming over a single chord if it was funky enough), disco placed a much bigger emphasis on melodies. Disco also had much more conventional, hedonistic lyrics, and took a more flamboyant, campy approach to production. Aside from the typical funk lineup of guitar-bass-drums-keyboards-horn section, string sections were included, and the overall sound was much more poppy, with way simplified beats and grooves. Funk fans started a backlash against the genre similar to the one rock fans experienced, claiming it was soulless and overindulgent, an opinion memorably summarised by Funkadelic on their Uncle Jam Wants You album, which claimed to "rescue dance music from the blahs". Advertisement:propertag.cmd.push(function() { proper_display('tvtropes_mobile_ad_3'); })As disco died an ugly death at the start of The '80s, funk evolved in a new direction as a reaction to the excess of disco and the increasing difficulty of keeping together large bands like in The '70s. The new sound was stripped-down, less syncopated and more reliant on electronics, with synthesisers and drum machines overtaking the previous hallmarks of funk such as "funky drummers", slap bass and Hammond organ/Rhodes piano. The first musician to take advantage of this style (nicknamed "punk-funk", not to be confused with actual post-punk bands influenced by funk such as Gang of Four and Talking Heads) was Rick James, who scored hits in 1981 with "Give It to Me Baby" and "Super Freak", but Prince, with his backing band The Revolution and his associates (The Time, Vanity and Apollonia 6, Sheila E., Wendy and Lisa, Jill Jones, Mazarati, The Family, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and so on) were the most successful throughout The '80s, thanks to his effective combination of eroticism, skillful use of technology, catchy riffs and fusion of various genres, including funk, pop, rock/hard rock/heavy metal and New Wave, with the resulting style being nicknamed "the Minneapolis Sound" (due to the fact that most practitioners were from Minnesota). Others followed Prince's lead to varying degrees of success, such as Cameo, Zapp, the Gap Band and the Dazz Band, while other subgenres appeared in the period, such as Afrika Bambaataa and electro-funk/electro. Funk proved to be a large influence on Hip-Hop in the decade as well, with samples from funk songs being repeatedly used in hip-hop and even house music. While pure funk pretty much disappeared after The '80s thanks to hip-hop, resurgent R&B and its offshoot New Jack Swing, The '90s saw a boom in Funk Rock and Funk Metal bands, such as the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Rage Against the Machine, Living Colour, Jane's Addiction, Primus, Faith No More and Infectious Grooves. Another subgenre of hip-hop called G-Funk (Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound), which was based on copying and updating the old "P-Funk" sound, also became popular in the early nineties, but pretty much wore out its welcome and died by 1996, and its Bay Area-based offshoot "Mobb Music" (characterized by a raw, stripped-down approach with few to no P-Funk samples, heavy synthesizer usage, and a bassy production style, all of which was usually tracked live in the studio) had some minor success courtesy of Too $hort (the Ur-Example and Trope Codifier), E-40, Spice 1, and Celly Cel, but it otherwise never really became more than a regional scene. The new crop of Southern hip-hop artists (led by OutKast, Goodie Mob, and UGK), on the other hand, managed to sustain their success with their own blend of hip-hop with funk, blues, and gospel, and singlehandedly put the South on the map. In the nineties in the United Kingdom, the acid jazz emerged, with artists such as Jamiroquai, Incognito, Brand New Heavies and Us 3, promoting a mix of jazz, funk and disco. In Brazil, there's the subgenre funk carioca, which is more rooted in electro, Miami Bass and latin freestyle than funk; its origins can be pinpointed to Brazilian DJs who flew to Florida to pick up new records in the 1980s and brought back a lot of Miami bass. It's divided in songs about sex, and the "probidão", glamourizing the criminal lifestyle. It also provided us with this meme, showing just how far the apple has fallen from the tree. It should be noted that while far from common, there are still new bands that play pure funk music, like Vulfpeck, T-Bird and the Breaks, and The Apples. |
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